ABSTRACT
Mucosal administration especially via the nasal route is a novel and promising technique for medication and vaccine delivery. Mucosal pathways provide notable benefits that promote their selective usage for some critical disorders such as brain disorders. Many attempts are now being undertaken to create effective medicated formulations and innovative nasal delivery methods. The structure and major properties of the nasal cavity are elaborated on in this review. The comfort, accomplishments, and limitations of using the nasal route for medical reasons are explored, with a special emphasis on vaccination administration. Extensive data supports the potential and safety of nasal vaccination and medication administration. The utilization of nanomaterials in vaccinology has changed several areas of traditional disease diagnosis and treatment and has brought new insights into previously tough challenges in developing effective vaccinations. This overview will focus on crucial advances of nanomaterial in vaccine delivery through the nasal route against infectious diseases. Copyright © 2022
ABSTRACT
Ethnobotanical research is a well-established field of science that attracts a lot of interest in medicine. Plants are responsible for over 80% of folk remedies used in primary care worldwide. Traditional and herbal medicine knowledge is essential in scientific research, especially when the literature and survey data are not adequately examined. Viral diseases affect millions of individuals worldwide, and they have a significant impact on human health and socioeconomic growth. Many infectious and non-infectious illnesses have long been treated with medicinal plants. The value of medicinal plants has risen in recent centuries. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) alone affects almost 40 million people. Coronavirus disease is now the most common viral illness globally, affecting an estimated 176 million people worldwide (COVID-19). A wide range of plant species was found to be effective in treating viral diseases. This review summarizes viral illness, disease outbreaks, and medicinal plants and herbs with antiviral properties useful in drug development programmes.